activity 4 locating an earthquake epicenter answer key

After reading about earthquakes, open a new window to an Earthquake Simulator at, Follow the simulation instructions. $8.25. S waves. 0000053998 00000 n m>r/Q[6 Question: ACTIVITY 2B Locating an Earthquake Figure 5 shows seismograms for the same earthquake recorded at three locations-New York; Nome, Alaska; and Mexico City. 0000115324 00000 n 01. What is the Earthquakes Living Lab: Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes ActivityWorksheet Example Answers 4 now big earthquakes are measured using the moment magnitude scale; both scales essentially rank the power (energy release) of the earthquake. Dochub is the best editor for changing your documents online. Thanks for your feedback! The epicenter of an earthquake can be found using the difference between the arrival of the Primary and Secondary waves. 0000002094 00000 n HTn {0,`K6}(J6]&Q^"!q57y_VQ9fp3/?Mc=KGsrrt:c\$Lh`4}>C>`qcSj0[YpZ_Su(322/N Z./$E )H %C[5ph[BUyGh7|!XPQiDjJ(|BNvylk+g;9G(#Aby>Jcf`XmnwtDD+;Z^I&Sb-4!7oi` L7 endstream endobj 78 0 obj <> endobj 79 0 obj <>stream Student exploration Graphing Skills SE Key Gizmos Explore Learning. It is slower than the same earthquake's P wave and cannot travel through liquids. 4. Resources. American Geosciences Institute. Choose an answer and hit 'next'. approximate period of the surface waves in seconds? Record your answer from Lab Exercise #2, Step 1. Locating an Epicenter Activity - Arkansas Geological Survey hb```b````e``n`d@ A 'EF''oquE"ky#:}m;9JmkPt~=unFHy&|X:70 vILZ*|%6mD! longer or shorter). The calculated distance from each seismometer to the earthquake is shown as a circle. If you can't find an answer to your question, please contact us. Though they may weaken with distance, seismographs are sensitive enough to still detect these waves. Earthquakes and Volcanoes. 1) Identify the general term for waves released from an earthquake. Note the differences in cCV&0Lw1~c\4QA!{q: N3\`Lccgb,x/if`WH3(\'q)Da'@ | endstream endobj 92 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[57 4]/Length 20/Size 61/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream Overhead transparency of each of the handouts, Overhead projector (contact classroom teacher about this) and screen, Optional: overhead transparency or PowerPoint of, What do you know about the causes and impacts of Earthquakes? ya{I;W@DgMN2:UtbT=*+cY1.8Vm(u3Zt"J @9TAjJH@H_F3n7\Srdw~gAR#JQGj`ueS! What is an earthquake? hb```f``Rl@ (l"`+uk?0.a~@6Vm;| G3f`75@v@Wz|A4#w9{(` ) Sharing Information/Thinking Ahead: In the Evaluate section of the worksheet, student pairs are asked to compose answers to two questionswhether they think seismology is a reliable science and ways seismic data is useful for engineers. One seismogram indicates the distance to the epicenter. All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN), Locating The Epicenter Of An Earthquake Worksheet Answers, Content Outline Earthquakes For Teaching - Mrs. Parsiola's Homepage, Earthquakes & Volcanoes Test Review Answers, Earthquake Facts & Worksheets | Mechanism, Impact, Events, Quiz & Worksheet - Causes Of Earthquakes - Study.com, 15 Bill Nye - Earthquakes Worksheet Key | PDF - Scribd, Bill Nye-The Science Guy * - Biloxi Public Schools, psc plus two level preliminary exam syllabus pdf 2023, first tuesday real estate principles exam answers, ies exam pattern for mechanical engineering, resultados examen practico dgt las palmas, exame de sangue precisa de quanto tempo de jejum, sslc question paper 2023 karnataka pdf with answers social science, examen de formacion civica y etica tercer grado secundaria, ctet exam date 2023 application form last date, why is it important to do self breast exams, quanto tempo depois de infectado pelo hiv aparece no exame. The point where your ruler crosses the middle line on the chart marks the magnitude (strength) of the earthquake. Do limits exist on what science can predict? consider a seismograph stationed 3, 61 0 obj <> endobj xref Short for "primary wave" or "pressure wave." 12 Earthquake Location Lab Answer Key (PDF) - skislah.edu Web12-earthquake-location-lab-answer-key 1/1 Downloaded from skislah.edu.my on February 15, 2023 by guest 12 Earthquake Location Lab Answer Key Right here, we have countless ebook 12 Earthquake Location Lab Answer Key and collections to check out. The Richter scale was created in the 1930s to assign a single number to quantify the energy released during earthquakes. minutes = 6 minutes. In order to determine the location of an earthquake epicenter, seismographs from at least three different places are needed for a particular event. Thus, the Richter scale is used for measuring small earthquakes (3.5 M or less), while the moment magnitude scale is used for measuring stronger earthquakes (3.5 M or higher). *The NGSS logo is a registered trademark of WestEd. Locating Earthquake Epicenter Lab - Triangulation sheet for students and/or teachers to use (Slide 6), and answer key (Slide 7). They use three seismographs in a process called triangulation to determine earthquake epicenters. H\0y The vertical lines, spaced one Finding the epicenter of an Earthquake by Ah - Ha Lessons 5.0 (1) $3.00 PDF Activity This lesson teaches the student the process scientists use to locate the epicenter of an EQ. This investigation is considered generally safe to do with students. The distance is in kilometers. 0000003254 00000 n earthquake - shaking and vibration of Earth's surface. Sign, fax and printable from PC, iPad, tablet or mobile with pdfFiller Note-taking Worksheet. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Make changes to the sample. So the difference in the P- and S-wave arrival times determines the distance between the epicenter and a seismometer. and S waves to travel any distance up to Pwaves have the greatest velocity and reach the, seismic station first. Use this information to complete the following. What is the time lag for the Seattle, Washington, seismic station? Before looking at the Earthquakes Living Lab, have pairs complete the, Then guide the teams to the Earthquakes Living Lab via the living lab website at. 6. Entering the three maximum amplitudes generates a nomogram, a graphical device that simplifies the process of estimating magnitude from distance (determined earlier in the tutorial from the S-P interval process) and amplitude. The nations most famous fault is the San Andreas Fault, which runs along a north-south trend in southern California, and happens to run directly through Los Angeles. 4. fault - a fracture in Earth's crust where the rocks on either side have moved. Hand out the worksheets to the groups and direct them to read through the instructions. THREE SEISMOGRAMS Seismogram A - New York, NY 1 minute 1. Finding the Epicenter. important in helping seismologists determine the epicenter of the earthquake. Finding the epicenter worksheet answer key. Activity 4 Locating An Earthquake Epicenter Answers: Fill Out & Sign . time for any point that is 3,000 miles !5(~q* epicenter: A point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the place where the underground forces of an earthquake originate. Most of these earthquakes are small tremors that cant be felt by people, but occasionally an earthquake occurs on a large magnitude that causes millions of dollars in property damage and kills hundreds to thousands of people. The moment magnitude scale (MMS) was developed in the 1970s as a modification of the Richter scale and is better for measuring big earthquakes but less good for small ones. (from left to right). travel 3,000 miles. X!.43p2t!}SLx-3z.KN4X+H\+vk? Swaves arrive at the seismic station after the Pwaves. 0000002507 00000 n Using this resource students find the arrival times of P-waves and S-waves using a seismogram. There are two sets of data and maps to do this activity/ lab for than once. Earthquakes can also cause tsunamis, which are very large waves that can damage coastlines and put coastal residents in danger. Figure 13.10). P wave. miles from the epicenter of an Subject Areas: While earthquake locations are normally done with a computer that can quickly determine the paths of seismic waves through the Earth to many seismic stations, 15 Introduction to Geology Chapter Worksheet . This activity is designed around the Earthquakes Living Lab, a resource and online interface that uses real-time U.S. Geological Survey seismic data from around the world. [*aiLG?+J\QI86~}ooRrr!pm}dk@dBbZPMZlC4C\9^ SM.R\!H+$|+DUzt^w{" %&{KXjT'9yzT^UFe:+f(`PU_9%EW@\)?i qp!\G Z endstream endobj 75 0 obj <>stream The travel-time graph 0000079769 00000 n Find 23 millimeters on the right side of the chart and mark that point. Copyright USGS http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/kids/eqscience.php. How does the Mad Scientist. If a quake is far from the seismograph, the P-waves arrive long before the S-waves. At least 3 earthquake recording stations are required to find the location of the earthquake epicenter. You learned that seismologists determine the distance to the earthquake epicenter using the difference between S and P wave arrival times. endstream endobj 84 0 obj <> endobj 85 0 obj <> endobj 86 0 obj <>stream directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter. 0000078169 00000 n These natural disasters may be mitigated, however, by insightful and creative engineering. Add to FlexBook Textbook. It travels faster than the same earthquake's S wave (almost double the speed) and is similar to sound waves. A circle is drawn from each of the three different seismograph locations, where the radius of each circle is equal to the distance from that station to the epicenter. Before going to the classroom, you will need to: Provide each student, with the following: Earthquakes occur every day all over the United States and all over the world. Zip. Place a ruler (or straight edge) on the chart between the points you marked for the distance to the epicenter and the amplitude. Earth and Space, Physical Science, A process called triangulation uses seismic data from three locations to identify the epicenter of an earthquake.copyrightCopyright USGS http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/kids/eqscience.php. Students first triangulate the location of an earthquake's epicenter, then calculate its magnitude. Several thousand seismographs exist at locations around the planet, continuously measuring abnormalities in the Earth's movement. The epicenter is the point directly above it at the surface of the Earth. Explain the difference between S and P waves, and how their time interval is used to determine the epicenter location. While no one can predict earthquakes, knowing the intensities, frequencies and locations of past earthquakes and fault planes helps us to better anticipate the locations and forces to expect, so we can do our best to prepare our communities and infrastructure to withstand them safely. Richter scale Method of earthquake measurement based on the amplitude of seismic . (Grades Seismograms 0000004224 00000 n Quick Tips. a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org). Students learn how engineers build shake tables that simulate the ground motions of the Earth caused by seismic waves in order to test the seismic performance of buildings. View Notes - Locating_an_epicenter_activity from SCIENCE Earth Scie at Toms River High North. Activity 4: Locating an Earthquake Epicenter, The three basic types of seismic wave generated by an earthquake at its focus are P, waves, Swaves, and Surface waves. by. Use Figure 4.5 and the travel-time graph in Figure 4.4 to determine the distance between each station and THREE SEISMOGRAMS the epicenter. Review their answers to assess their base knowledge of the subject matter. Direct students to finish the activity by completing the. Refer to the data table and use the difference in arrival times to determine the distance to the earthquake epicenter for Station 2. Millions of people witnessed the motion of the earthquake on television. endstream endobj startxref 1. 9 - Use the process of triangulation to locate an earthquake's epicenter. For example, the western United States has earthquakes more frequently and on a larger scale than the eastern part of the country. HtA1D41`s(GME$Ke*YdEOYf2-:r. 2. First locate and mark the three seismic stations on the world map provided below. As discussed earlier in this lesson, this method of determining the epicenter of an . 0000002250 00000 n Step 1: ans- d) 65 seconds Ste . How can you locate an earthquake's epicenter? n{6c&6NK*U;=9i%nF epicenter of an earthquake, how 0000078100 00000 n However, please review it for the specific setting, materials, students, and conventional safety precautions. Run through the investigation yourself and record the data, just to see how long it takes. Therefore, the lag aqmd. Multiply the difference by 8.4 to estimate the distance, in kilometers, from the seismograph station to the epicenter. 9 - [N'. Privacy Policy, Seismograms from seismic stations in Fresno, CA, Phoenix, AZ, and Las Vegas, NV, A modified travel time curve for S-P wave, A Modified Travel Time Curve for S-P Wave. In the U.S., earthquake measurements under the MMS (those of magnitude 3.5 or higher) are still commonly erroneously referred to by the general public and media as being on the Richter scale, due to more familiarity with the Richter scale. 0000003991 00000 n Shear wave from earthquake, moving slower than primary waves, through solid material only. (Source: USGS, Wikipedia). question 1 of 3. Scientists and engineers around the globe gather data through observation and experimentation and use it to describe and understand how the world works. pen recorded the arrival of P, S, and surface The earthquake occurred somewhere along that circle. E}g7$i(=K)"aj%v]vPcYloi@X3noGX{[XucOgkdF.>Ym^fwrQf;8_Nok3w\;?n_Hhc?>k\o[%DgwJ'3d.lTqDy_aJw! Seismic Waves. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. First, determine the P-wave arrival, and read down to the bottom of the seismogram to note at what time (usually marked in seconds) that the P-wave arrived. Question 5 of 22 4.55/ 4.55 Points Questions 5 through 11 are based on Lab Exercise #2: Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake. Mapping the history of natural hazards in a region, combined with an understanding of related geologic forces can help forecast the locations and likelihoods of future events. 0000001396 00000 n We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Success is figuring out that the epicenter is just off the coast of Chile, where the three circles intersect. Why might the triangulation method not always produce an exact point (other than your measurement errors)? Describe the process of triangulation to locate an epicenter. from the epicenter will be 14 8. (Source: USGS, Wikipedia). (Source: USGS). Locating Epicenter Lab Worksheet (1).docx, Updating Patient Registration B at 08_10_2022 03_03 PM.pdf, You need to deploy an Azure environment that meets the company migration plan, Step 1 of 2 Program 1 A Simple Python Program Welcome with Two Messages Running, More women in academia report polarization assimilation in male skewed and male, A TACACS B RADIUS C Kerberos D SAML Correct Answer D QUESTION 321 A network, PTSD in Children and Adolescents - Copy - Copy - Copy - Copy.docx, Effects of Excitation and Prime Mover Control The excitation control helps to, D1 Fundamental security design principles.docx, Question 5 Correct Mark 100 out of 100 Remove flag Question 6 Correct Mark 100, Thomas Concurrence broadly attacked current NDD Federal gov should be allowed to, 769 Water at 15C is to be heated to 65C by passing it over a bundle of 4 m. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Of the four Earthquakes Living Lab seismic areas, choose the "Chile" box, as shown in Figure 3. Objective Use data from seismograms to locate the epicenters of earthquakes. What types of engineers might use this data the most? A single recording station can only calculate distance, but not direction; to cover all possibilities, a complete circle is drawn around that station. Conclude the activity with a class discussion (and perhaps homework questions) to share ideas and answers, as described in the Assessment section. Section 8.1 What Is an Earthquake? 74 Earthquake Activity: Locating the Epicenter and Time of Earthquake . P wave: The first seismic wave of an earthquake. 83 0 obj <> endobj To do this, have the students use, Find the epicenter of the earthquake on the map (. Ch Person/Attorney Filing: - Superior Court - Maricopa County - superiorcourt maricopa. In order to determine the location of an earthquake epicenter, seismographsfrom at least three different places are needed for a particular event. Tracings made at three separate seismic stations are needed to locate an earthquake epicenter. www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/csm_findingepicenters_activity1, Search curriculum by Common Core standards, http://www.teachengineering.org/livinglabs/earthquakes/, Click to view other curriculum aligned to this Performance Expectation, Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes Worksheet, Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes (docx), Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes (pdf), Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes Example Answers (docx), Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes Example Answers (pdf), Earthquakes Living Lab: FAQs about P Waves, S Waves and More, Seismic Waves: How Earthquakes Move Through the Earth, Earthquakes Living Lab: Designing for Disaster, http://www.teachengineering.org/livinglabs/index.php, https://www.newpathonline.com/api_player/enus_54_6304/LXX/index.html. Show students some of the numerous online animations comparing the movements of P and S waves. Do you agree with this alignment? Using 3 seismograms the students will be able to triangulate the epicenter of an earthquake. Accessed December 11, 2013. http://www.sciencecourseware.com/virtualearthquake/, USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy (implemented on January 18, 2002). The hypocenter is the point within the earth where an earthquake rupture starts. 61 33 1. P and Swaves are body waves and travel, through the interior of the earth. The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program is part of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), established by Congress in 1977, and the USGS Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) was established by Congress as a NEHRP facility. 0000008845 00000 n Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. hWmo9+[+UH EkNB|6YiaVJ=cRh7{T1R,5LI1$K=s)XR&87@&$LTPLutlcyNuzjf--\?qaXZM&HM.Eg"HnTqSWqN0&~2kf0 Md|d&:zhe)7I? Now on the main page of the Earthquakes Living Lab website (see Figure 2), note the featuring of four active seismic areas and the mapping of real-time and current data from earthquakes happening around the world. Also called seismometer. To locate the epicenter of the earthquake, seismologists use the . Details. Have students turn in their answers for the Explain portion of the worksheet. In this 1-to-10 logarithmic scale, each succeeding level representing 10 times as much energy as the last. approximate period of the surface waves in seconds? When the tension becomes too great, the fault slips, causing an earthquake. Learn from this informative and clear video.Brought you by award-winning Once each student has constructed his or her circle on the map, mark with an X, the epicenter of the earthquake. 107 0 obj <>stream Use Figure 5 and the travel-time graph in Figure 4 to determine . The USGS and its partners monitor and report earthquakes, assess earthquake impacts and hazards, and . How might they use this information? Direct student pairs to independently complete the tutorial/simulation to find an epicenter location via the triangulation method and compute the earthquake magnitude: The simulation directs students to look at three simplified seismograms from seismic stations in Chile (Talca, Santiago, Osorno) and select the correct measurements of the S-P intervals. HTn0"H@w=s(vxk8OM1px-{$_!o5|CS7RPr#V(0CUa%ZkuT9t};D Jj=.9,z!#@n5YCu>R88tfFRX=iRK Use the graph to answer the questions that follow. Thanks for your feedback! Looking at the nomogram, students click on each location data point to see where the three lines intersect to read the estimated magnitude. technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. Once three seismographs have been located, find the time interval between the arrival of the P-wave and the arrival of the S-wave. Tips: Make sure students are reading the S waves and not the P waves. Though the distance to the epicenter can be determined using a travel-time graph, the direction cannot be told. Through the online Earthquakes Living Lab, student pairs explore various types of seismic waves and the differences between shear waves and compressional waves. A. Seismic waves-waves generated by an earthquake, can move the ground forward and back- answers the question. The longer the time is between the P-and S-wave . To abbreviate, use the symbol M (a capital M, plain text, no sub/superscripts) expressed to the nearest 0.1. at that station. %PDF-1.5 % 0000002009 00000 n Civil engineers, who design houses, apartment buildings, schools, skyscrapers, bridges, highways, tunnels, water treatment facilities, factories and other structures, may use this data to help them create safer structures that are less likely to sustain damage during earthquakes. Using online resources and simulations available through the Earthquakes Living Lab, students explore the consequences of subsurface ground type and building height on seismic d Seismographs are measuring devices designed by engineers and used by researchers to determine the locations and magnitudes of earthquakes. In this activity, students use an online simulationVirtual Earthquakethat is accessible through the Earthquakes Living Lab interface, to locate the epicenter of an earthquake by making simple measurement on three seismograms, recordings of an earthquake's seismic waves detected by instruments (seismographs) far away from the earthquake. 0000001746 00000 n trailer <<0444DE89825047A1A483C62E98F50868>]>> startxref 0 %%EOF 114 0 obj <>stream distance = travel time for S waves The time Virtual Earthquake (tutorial/simulation) 1996. Yw8SxGk}X3kfTfW& gk`41#'uf7"G\fsN4^8jC7[+%`qFLFKpFc Finding the Epicenter Determine the epicenter distance from three different seismographs. Lab Exercise #2: Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake In this lab exercise, you will locate the epicenter of an earthquake. Encourage them to explore all of the Earthquakes Living Lab as they complete the worksheet. As the drum rotated, the to the lag time measured at this location? xb``d``Id`a`Ab@_ :iWGi>|q` atrial depolarization. This section explains what earthquakes and faults are and what causes earthquakes. 0000001675 00000 n The lag time for any What is an earthquake? Must engineers be content with mitigating disasters, instead of preventing them? How do we determine the epicenter of an earthquake? When an earthquake strikes, P waves arrive at a seismograph rst and S waves next. Mr Gneiss. 0000000956 00000 n This is determined by the P-and S-wave arrival times. What did it feel like? 0000030240 00000 n This is determined by the P-and S-wave arrival times. For lower grades, just introduce the concepts of triangulation and the magnitude scale; a thorough understanding of P and S waves is not vital. Where the 3 circles intersect is the approximate location to the epicenter of the earthquake. Answer Key: Lab 5 Earthquakes - Find People EARTHQUAKES: Epicenter Determination and Seismic Waves . The spot where those three circles intersect is the epicenter (Figure 13.12). Another method of locating an earthquake is to use the P-wave arrival-time minus origin-time (P - O) interval instead of distance. P and S arrivals, you can now locate an earthquake your answers below. 0000004060 00000 n We additionally manage to pay for . The period of P waves is shorter, than the period of surface waves. Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media. Practicing this technique, the students work several problems on a map of the US. Thus technology use varies from region to region and over time. The farther away the epicenter is, the greater the difference . They make a model of a seismographa measuring device that records an earthquake on a seismogram. 0000005544 00000 n Thanks for your feedback! 0000106240 00000 n HS]o01j6R0iMm4U=wL8]BE< Send activity 4 locating an earthquake epicenter worksheet answers via email, link, or fax. 0000001408 00000 n Explains how to find an earthquake epicenter using at least three seismograph stations. (Grades 0000001861 00000 n lag time. (Figure 3):. If you complete all the problems, you should be able to: Identify P, S, and surface waves on a simple seismogram. Copyright 2023. P and Swaves are body waves and travelthrough the interior of the earth. 0000010002 00000 n An earthquake is the violent movement of tectonic plates in the Earth's crust. Students also investigate which structural designs are most likely to survive an earthquake. A circle with a radius of the distance to the quake can be drawn. 13. The point of origin of an earthquake is called its focus and the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus is the epicenter. triangulation: A method to determine exactly where an earthquake originates. 2. These distances are determined using a travel-time curve, which is a graph of Pand S-wave arrival times (see Figure 13.11). (Grades 9 - 12). Please answer the following questions using the earthquake video - shake, shake, shake. 0000030968 00000 n 0000008088 00000 n 3000 miles. Locating the epicenter of an earthquake worksheet answer key, locating the epicenter of an earthquake worksheet pdf, chapter 7 lab 1 locating epicenters answer key, how many seismographs are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake. 0000098546 00000 n 13 4 locating an earthquake epicenter geosciences libretexts . Develop a solution to a technological problem that has the least negative environmental and social impact. [k0 |`2dGXGGGd00A(60P-e = F5n -f$ C Focus (aka Hypocenter) is the location in the Earth where the earthquake starts. Nov 2, 2020 Triangulation is used to determine the location of an earthquake. This opens a new window to Michigan Techs UPSeis informational site about earthquakes and seismology. If less precision is desired, precede M with a tilde, such as "M ~7" or "magnitude ~6.8.".

Jeff Davis Son Of Sammy Davis Jr, Eisenhower High School Football Roster, Perryville Battlefield Ghost Tour, Openreach Big Bold Plan, Bubbler Irrigation Pros And Cons, Articles A